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Disclaimer: I have nothing more than a secondary education level of physics and a keen interest in physics in general.
It’s common scientific belief that all physical forces are backed up by a field, for example, magnetism by the electromagnetic field, gravity by a gravity field. It would follow that the strong and weak nuclear forces also have corresponding fields.
For a disruptor to work as seen in fiction, you’d probably be looking to disrupt the weak nuclear force, and would need a mechanism to locally change the properties of the corresponding weak nuclear field.
I don’t know if there is such a mechanism available to us currently. Hopefully someone else has a definitive answer.
As an aside, the ‘ever trustworthy’ Google AI suggests, ‘completely ionizing a human body would require an energy output similar to a very small nuclear explosion’.